The Safe House provides shelter in a safe and supportive environment for families in crisis and provides the help, education, advocacy & guidance needed to empower women to live safe and productive lives. The Mount Pleasant/Lower Broadway neighborhood is an old neighborhood that, like Newark itself, has suffered from the white flight and the disinvestment of the 70s and 80s and it is now coming back strong. With the support of the National Endowment for the Arts Our Town program, NRR broadened its citywide relationships and piloted new civic rituals including Newark Walks to the Water, DJ Omar Abdallahs Riverfront House Party, and Praise by the Passaic Gospel Festival, in addition to ongoing boat tours, paddle days, and more. 4 0 obj % In 2008, serving as the local government's first municipal urban designer, Damon Rich was charged by the mayor to take account of areas along the Passaic River to craft an overall strategy and set of pilot initiatives. The document you are referring to, Newarks Riverfront: Public Access & Redevelopment Plan, contains zoning that sets the rules for private development along the river. Bi-Lingual staff is available (Spanish) and we have access to the Language Line if needed. Newarks River: Public Access & Redevelopment Plan. It replaces fifty-year-old zoning regulations primarily planned for industrial uses and lacking specific riverfront provisions with a legal framework that allows new uses and mixes of uses, consolidates design standards to create valuable urban places, and provides for public access as required by federal and state law. To not have to fear if well be homeless no longer do I have to choose between paying my rent and putting food on the table.. He is a Loeb Fellow in Advanced Environmental Studies at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, a MacDowell Colony Fellow, and a Fellow of the MIT Center for Advanced Visual Studies. A development group will dedicate 35% of its Jersey City Bayfront project to affordable housing under the first redevelopment agreement for the much-anticipated, massive Hackensack River waterfront mixed-use project, city officials announced Wednesday. 2IQ 7qN%MS9X6`bH;$^UIVE\mzcM+[1sfoR2|U6x.E,JdQZn31{g\* |@-^hx UyH2EL 9N5F/1>. Construction isalso underway to expand the recreation area further upriver, first past Newark Penn Station to the Bridge Street Bridge, and then all the way north to 4th Avenue in the North Ward. The first-floor apartment has 2.5 ceramic-tiled bathrooms, and the second-floor apartment has two ceramic-tiled bathrooms. For example, the NHA is still seeking to demolish the 275-unit Terrell Homes public housing complex near the Passaic River, and the agency has already demolished or closed several other housing developments across the city, including Baxter Terrace and Felix Fuld Court. Location Newark, New Jersey 8th Congressional District. . The additional population (within the Newark City population of 280,000) can easily be supported by local community services, including but not limited to, social services, educational, hospital/healthcare, public safety/emergency medical, fire protection, employment, recreation, public safety and open space. Current concept plan. Here Native Americans caught fish, Puritans founded a religious state, & immi- grants & African-Americans arrived to work industrial jobs. The park also has several ecological foci, and native birds and fish have recently begun returning to their former habitat. This segment also features landscape installations we designed with graphic designers MTWTF to raise ghosts and commemorate spirits of the site, including its first Native inhabitants, fish and birds, industrial workers, sewage and transportation technologies, and park activists. It is a lively and vibrant neighborhood with 58% of the population being younger than 45. the Mount Pleasant/Lower Broadway neighborhood is considered the 4th most walkable neighborhood of the City with easy access to public transportation by bus, mass transit rail and light rail. The plan updates Newarks municipal development regulations along the riverfront and replaces 50-year-old zoning regulations, originally created for industrial purposes, so that public access is encouraged and valuable, people-friendly urban spaces can thrive through mixed uses and open areas. Much of this plan has been evidenced by recent and transformational redevelopment projects in the immediate vicinity of the LUA project. That paired with support from the City of Newark, private lenders (NJCC) and the State (NJDCA), the project was completed in a timely manner. Email [emailprotected]. Last Updated: Apr 12, 2023 2:24 PM URL: https://libguides.rutgers.edu/newark Print Page Login to LibApps Subjects: , Tags: newark_new_jersey It is considered one of Newarks most diverse neighborhoods with a population of approximately 7,600 persons of which 75% are Hispanic (of multiple national origins), 18% African American, 5% White and 4% Asian. Click here to sign up for Jersey Digs' free emails and news alerts. Newarks River: Public Access & Redevelopment Plan. West Ward Model Neighborhood Initiative Redevelopment Plan (2013). 40A:12A-3," and to comply with N.J.S.A. The planning office deals with private development, formulating and enforcing rules about how to build in the City of Newark, which includes the public process: anyone who wants to build in the city has to present his plans for public comment and negotiation. This impacts sections of the city close to the Passaic River, specifically parts of the Ironbound close to Market Street and Raymond Boulevard, the eastern area of Downtown Newark near Route 21/McCarter Highway, and the area of Lower Broadway by the river that is south of Clay Street. The new residences serve families who earn less than 30% of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) average median income and are unhoused due to domestic violence. Please RSVP to(973) 733-3917 ornewarkriverfront [at] gmail.com. Newark River_s Public Access _ Redevelopment Plan 2.pdf. This plan updates Newark's municipal development regulations along five miles of the city's Passaic Riverfront. The proposed amendment was approved by the Newark Central Planning Board during its meeting on August 7th and was passed on first reading by the Newark Municipal Council during its special meeting on August 22nd. Posted on: Friday, April 28, 2023. On Tuesday, March 13, 2012, 6 pm, there will be a public information session at Newark City Hall, 920 Broad Street, first floor rotunda. The Public Access redevelopment is planned for mixed use, including three main components: residential, retail, and commercial. Riverfront Park offers a hint of what is to come for the five-mile-long riverfront. After the comment period ends, a revised draft will be submitted for approval to the Newark Central Planning Board and the Newark Municipal Council. Instead, its focus is on the rules for private development, so that it upholds a consistent vision, including continuous public access, with current public riverfront improvements. City Hall 920 Broad Street Newark, NJ 07102. The plan updates Newarks municipal development regulations along the riverfront and replaces 50-year-old zoning regulations, originally created for industrial purposes, so that public access is encouraged and valuable, people-friendly urban spaces can thrive through mixed uses and open areas. This development is in conformance with the Newarks River Public Access & Redevelopment Plan, which underwent extensive public input in 2013. Newark River_s Public Access _ Redevelopment Plan.pdf - Google Drive. Bible Of Neonatology Multimedia newark's river: public access and redevelopment plan As many know, the Mt. Washington, D.C. 20001, "I cant express how happy I am to have a safe home for my kids. The Newark Broad Street rail station is a short walk (1 mile) from the project which puts the jobs, culture and entertainment of New York City within a 20-minute commute. The plan was written to allow for maximum flexibility and has a capacity range for all types of development. Damon is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners and a licensed Professional Planner in the State of New Jersey. As part of the plans, high-rise multifamily buildings could be built up to 15 stories tall on several properties that currently only permit structures up to eight floors high. He also served as Chief of Staff for Capital Projects at New York City Parks, where he led efforts of 200 architects, landscape architects, and engineers on over $400 million of investment in the city's public spaces. Newark Riverfront Park & Plan HECTOR Riverfront design and planning: Since 2008, Hector partners have designed parks, planned public access and redevelopment, launched a new organization, and initiated a wide world of programs to connect a city to its river, working alongside government agencies, nonprofit organizations, resident group On Thursday, October 21st, the Newark Zoning Board of Adjustment approved plans to permit the construction of a new 4-story mixed-use structure, with twenty-seven (27) residential apartments over ground floor commercial and basement parking in the R-4 (Low-rise Multifamily Residential) Zoning District. Dec 20, 2017. Residents were encouraged to take part in collaborative walkshops, boating tours, outreach events and public meetings, where they could contribute to the collective vision for future growth and development of the riverfront. Planners wanted at least 2 percent of Newarks total population, or 5,600 people, to have a voice in designing a future for their riverfront. Bayfront is envisioned as a dynamic and affordable mixed-use community, focused on a series of compelling new places, all oriented around transit. 188 KB. The mile-long riverfront walking trail and park features a bright orange boardwalk made of recycled lumber, dubbed by New York Times architecture critic Michael Kimmelman a giant highlighter that draws attention to it. The redevelopment of the site will not result in an impact to demographics and employment patterns to the local community but rather embrace a very much needed housing type, where residents now have easy access to services, jobs and entertainment. Dec 20, 2017. As the citys first riverfront spaces were realized, we incubated and launched Newark Riverfront Revival (NRR), a new organization dedicated to connecting every Newarker to their river. The groups model and drawings was installed in City Hall and provided the occasion for a mayoral press conference and coverage on local television news. In 2010, in partnership with Essex County, Ironbound Community Corporation (ICC), the Trust for Public Land, and many other partners, the city began construction of the 15-acre park, which features a 12-acre athletic complex, an extensive walking and biking trail, a floating boat dock, a boardwalk, and passive recreation areas. The existing park regularly hosts events such as concerts, boat rides, and kayak tours. This plan would document the public parks already complete or in construction, and would explore concrete possibilities for expanded public boat access to and from the river. Newark Riverfront Progress Report, August 2010 He led award-winning planning and urban design projects including Newark's River: Public Access & Redevelopment Plan, awarded a 2014 New Jersey Future Smart Growth Award, The Box & Beyond: Infill Housing for Newark, awarded the 2009 Outstanding Community Engagement and Education Award by the New Jersey Chapter of the American Planning [lvivYfpJd^Q=y#e)a,G^mR?fSTFRjYf|hJ `JY{J]8"ag=QUg3D7v1e5K# { Dec 20, 2017. Zoning Changes Could Bring Taller Buildings Near Newarks Waterfront, Reflecting on a crazy year. stream Learn more in our Cookie Policy. A hearing on this plan is scheduled before the Newark Central Planning Board onMonday, June 11, 2012, starting at 6:30 pmat Newark City Hall, 920 Broad Street, in the 2nd floor Council Chambers. It would be located in the middle of the site. x\r}WKR`c/8b;r%Q(H:cOn/8*o}7{S66[3Le>MmA=;2Z;uU20eQE?`^HwH>0y8bxAroLkwfG: ?`|4 p p"vb v;/sg;%U iH6>t;F2@X $^NTdd-&[2[]7)+S922Q:R=& .6&'eyx]o!O8')0*+r})-& QVt^o0jKa7.bQ`RwZYT/GAy5zu quK6a]4Ay"xq!^a|A?~]e:Tr'n[x`@$Xg2x`]F;)eqt@lJ~'X7bo(3/lT5|YU>d6OHd. The plan was developed through intensive negotiations with land owners, residents, community-based organizations, and others. Copyright 2023 Council Of State Community Development Agencies. A legal notice says that the city was planning to apply on June 5 to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development for $2.5 million in Section 108 loan guarantee funds for the latter project, stating in part that "the plan combines both new construction and historical rehabilitation of existing historical artifacts." "Shaq Tower" was This news comes as Newarks riverfront is seeing redevelopment for the first time in decades after resident access to it was largely blocked or restricted. Your email address will not be published. Rutgers is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. To gauge the existing and potential constituency for the riverfront, we launched Two Cents from Two Percent, a four-year initiative to engage two percent of Newark's residents in discussions and experiences at the water's edge, with Newark Riverfront 3000, a collaborative afterschool investigation with young people living right there into the area's past, present and possible futures. The jobs created are mostly construction-related jobs, as well as additional service jobs. Thousands did so. Serving an area of 50,000 people and just 10 minutes from Newark Penn Station, the park connects two neighborhoodsdowntown Newark and Ironbound and offers healthy lifestyle options for residents and commuters in an area that once contained less than a half-acre of open space per 1,000 residents. The new residences serve families who earn less than 30% of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) average median income and are unhoused due to domestic violence. But for the last 50 years, Newark has been cut off from the river. The proposal, which was supported by nearly the entire Newark Municipal Council and Mayor Ras Baraka, still requires approval from the Newark Central Planning Board for it to move forward. We are happy to release the revised draft of Newark's River: Public Access & Redevelopment Plan. The first phase of the Essex County-owned Riverfront Park along Raymond Boulevard and the Passaic River has been open for several years now. The plan introduced new residential and retail uses, allowing the neighborhood to grow towards the river, preserving existing light industry, and requiring public access to accompany redevelopment. Damon Rich is an urban designer, planner, and partner at Hector, an urban design, planning and civic arts studio whose recent projects have included designing a riverfront park, writing citywide zoning and land use regulations, and creating a memorial for an eco-feminist nun. Spotted at @wil, The Fanwood Train Station looks so at home in this, Its a real life Christmas Vacation in Mickleton, One amazing thing about Jersey City is that you ca, The holiday season has arrived in Newark! Strollers, cyclists, skaters, and joggers are now welcomed to a part of the city that once discouraged pedestrians. Long before HECTOR joined their efforts, Newark residents up and down the hill led by organizations like Ironbound Community Corporation and Committee Against Toxic Waste fought for environmental justice and made plans for their riverfront as a possible place to realize long-held dreams for their city. Newark's River Public Access & Redevelopment Plan (2013). INNOVATIVE The project is Energy Star Certified, including Energy Star appliances, meets HUD CPD Green Building Retrofit Checklist requirements (even with new construction) and is served by a roof-mounted solar energy system to offset tenant utility costs. These programs helped connect people already interested in the river from across the city as well as bring new people into the conversation. Following the release of the public draft on February 27, 2012, a public information session was held at Newark City Hall on March 13, and public comments were collected until March 26. Neighborhoods in Newark are beginning to see a flurry of redevelopment, a decade after the city's downtown gained vogue. The document does not specifically include floating docks for transient boats and access ramps to these docks at convenient locations along the waterfront. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. Waterfronts. Creating & Recreating Newark: Shaping the City, Creating & Recreating Newark: Decline, Development and Renewal, Parks, Playgrounds, and Other Recreational Facilities, Newark History: Later 19th Century to the 1920s, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences and its Predecessors, New Jersey Institute of Technology and its Predecessors, Newark Schools: Early History through the 1920s, Newark Schools: The 1930s through the 1950s, Newark Schools: The 1960s through the 1980s, Public Health, History, Sanitation, & Water Supply, The City Divided: Districts; Wards; Tracts; Tax Maps; Zoning Maps, Technical Memorandum No. First launched in 2019 by the botanical charity Plantlife, the No Mow May campaign encourages people to lock up their lawnmowers and let nature . The Newark's River: Public Access & Redevelopment Plan envisions future development for 250 acres running through Newark's Ironbound and downtown and into its northern boundary with Belleville. Residential uses will now be permitted in lower Broadway north of the Broad Street Station, where transit accessibility makes residential development important. The Plan features 8,000 units of residential development, up to 340,000 sf commercial retail, a new elementary school, and firehouse. 31.5 MB. Nearly 15,000 people are currently on the NHAs wait list, according to records from the authority. Stay up-to-date by following Jersey Digs on Twitter and Instagram, and liking us on Facebook. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. Following a first segment focused on active recreation led by Essex County and designed by Mott MacDonald, we collaborated with landscape architects Weintraub Diaz to realize a second segment known for its rolling hills, orange boardwalk, and floating dock. One landmark outcome of this initiative was the Newark and Essex County Riverfront Park. At CUP, Damon developed innovative models of community education, drawing on the tools of architecture to help people and organizations understand and improve the places where they live. 1. Jersey City Bayfront developer signs deal to provide 35% affordable housing at 209-unit project. Construction began roughly around December 2020 and ended around December 2021. Project Name: Riverfront Redevelopment and Public Access Plan and Riverfront Park, Newark Transforming an industrial waterfront into a public amenity Partners: County of Essex, Ironbound Community . Download the revised plan here (PDF, 17 mb). The proposal earlier this summer to change zoning restrictions in one part of Newarks Ironbound neighborhood will not be the only modification that City officials are planning to make to such regulations. Giving to the Libraries, document.write(new Date().getFullYear()), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Required fields are marked *. Newark Zoning & Land Use Regulations (NZLUR), Walking to the Water: Environmental Justice and Newarks Riverfront Park,, Newark Revival Wears Orange Along the River,. Sign in. Newark Riverfront Progress Report, August 2010, Draft Proposal: Newark Riverfront Development Framework, January 2010, Making the Rules for Riverfront Development: The Workbook, October 2009. Newark River_s Public Access _ Redevelopment Plan.pdf. One landmark outcome of this initiative was the Newark and Essex County Riverfront Park. Bad development decisions, toxic His design work represented the United States at the 2008 Venice Architecture Biennale, and has been exhibited internationally at venues including the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Netherlands Architecture Institute, and the MoMA PS1 Contemporary Art Center. la sandwicherie magic sauce recipe. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); For additional background, see the following: Download the revised plan here (PDF, 17 mb), Download a synopsis of public comments & responses here (PDF, 150 kb), Newark Riverfront Progress Report, August 2010, Draft Proposal: Newark Riverfront Development Framework, January 2010, Making the Rules for Riverfront Development: The Workbook, October 2009. Have something to add to this story? hi Harvey, thank you for your continued advocacy for boat access to and from the Passaic River. New Jerseys go-to source for real estate and community development news. Draft Proposal: Newark Riverfront Development Framework, January 2010 For additional background, see the following: In the future, the City would like to produce a plan for public improvements along the river, including additional park, walkway, and boat facility construction. The new homes consist of two, three-bedroom apartments with nine-foot ceilings, an open floor plan, stainless steel appliances, and hardwood floors throughout. Sign in . Change). la sandwicherie magic sauce recipe. You can update your choices at any time in your settings. The plan incorporates five land-use zones permitting residential, commercial, retail, industrial, and open-space uses, and allows up to 30-story building heights to encourage development near public transportation hubs. Supporting Partners: Newark Public Art Program, Broad Street Block Association, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, New York/New Jersey Baykeeper, Hackensack Riverkeeper, Lee Weintraub Landscape Architecture, James Street Commons Neighborhood Association, MTWTF Graphic Design, Branch Manager at Advisors Mortgage Group, LLC - NMLS #33041 NMLS 203854 1955 Highway 34 Wall Township NJ 07719. This plan updates Newarks municipal development regulations along five miles of the citys Passaic Riverfront. Newark, NJ 07102 He led award-winning planning and urban design projects including Newark's River: Public Access & Redevelopment Plan, awarded a 2014 New Jersey Future Smart Growth Award, The Box & Beyond: Infill Housing for Newark, awarded the 2009 Outstanding Community Engagement and Education Award by the New Jersey Chapter of the American Planning Association, and Newark Riverfront Revival, the recipient of a Our Town grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. . Smart-Growth Challenge:How can Newark reconnect with its riverfront roots in order to foster economic and recreational growth, and do so in a way that ensures residents have a strong voice in building that connection? His first book, Street Value: Shopping, Planning, and Politics on Fulton Street was published by Princeton Architectural Press in 2010. The guidelines and requirements of the redevelopment plan, coupled with the public/private initiatives that created a waterfront park, will ensure that Newark gets the riverfront it deserves. The NRRs mission was to bring the citys growth closer to the edge of the Passaic River, and to bring the rivers recreational and economic development benefits to the city and its residents. Each unit is equipped with amenities such as central heating and cooling, modern kitchens with granite countertop and energy efficiency appliances. According to City records, an amendment is planned to Newarks River Public Access and Redevelopment Plan in order to allow buildings to be up to 25 stories tall where only 10-story structures are permitted at this time and to allow 40-story high-rises where buildings only up to 30 floors are currently allowed. Riverfront Park offers a hint of what is to come for the five-mile-long riverfront. Such housing models, like that of LUA Homes at 3rd Avenue, can have transformational impacts to victims of domestic violence and their children. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Public Draft of Newarks River Public Access & Redevelopment Plan. Download the draft plan here (PDF, 17 mb). Overall 3/13/12 Information Session Anker West, Ironbound resident Leonard Thomas, Ironbound resident Are parking lots permitted? Bayfront will feature three high-quality parks highlighted by a . It replaces fifty-year-old zoning regulations primarily planned for industrial uses and lacking specific riverfront provisions with a legal framework that allows new uses and mixes . In 2010, in partnership with Essex County, Ironbound Community Corporation (ICC), the Trust for Public Land, and many other partners, the city began construction of the 15-acre park, which features a 12-acre athletic complex, an extensive walking and biking trail, a floating boat dock, a boardwalk, and passive recreation areas. During this time, we also led the creation of a riverfront public access and redevelopment plan updating 50-year-old development regulations for 300 acres along five miles of the Passaic River. The Safe House continues to provide services to these families after they relocate to apartments and for as long as services are required. The "current concept design" as included in the agreement calls for Phase 1 to include between 700 and 750 apartments along with between 30,000 and 50,000 square feet of retail space. The Newarks River: Public Access & Redevelopment Plan envisions future development for 250 acres running through Newarks Ironbound and downtown and into its northern boundary with Belleville. Look First at the Public Space. . National Register of Historic Places Registration, Computer Modeling and Simulation of Nj Transit Penn Station Newark, Working Towards an Equitable Lower Broadway Equitable Neighborhood Development Plan Newark, New Jersey, Donald R. Farkas Collection - Finding Aid - the Newark Public Library, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, TO: Members of the Authority FROM: Michele Brown Chief Executive, 870 BROADWAY 870 Broadway Newark, NJ 07104 NON - ENDORSEMENT and DISCLAIMER NOTICE, Paterson-Newark Transit Market Study Paterson Final Report June 2020 Clifton, Ironside Newark 110 Edison Place, Newark, New Jersey, THE GROWING IRONBOUND Presentation Monday January 6, 2020 6:00Pm Spanish Tavern 103 Jmcwhorter St, CITY of NEWARK Municipal Public Access Plan, Census Tract 80, Essex County (Newark- Downtown Newark/Penn, Delaney Kempner June 1, 2015 (212) 390-8870, NEW JERSEY PERFORMING ARTS CENTER, NEWARK One Center Street, Newark Backstage Security: (973) 297-5868, Bus Rapid Transit a Communiity Plan Y P Pl Nanplan, City of Newark, New Jersey 2010-2015 HUD Consolidated Plan & 2010-2011 Annual Action Plan, Newark at the Crossroads a 2032 Vision for the Newark Aerotropolis, Census Tract 229, Essex County (Newark- Downtown Newark), KIPP Newark Collegiate Academy from AP Courses to College Tours, NCA Prepares Students to Succeed in College and in Life Beyond, (If Present on Map) Summary Creator Newark Property Line Maps, New York Penn Station Nj Transit Schedule, Newark's Newest Trans Oriented Development, Opportunitynewark: Jobs and Community Development for the 21St Century. In June, plans by the City to create MX-3 zoning just east of Newark Penn Station in a small portion of the Ironbound were made public. All Rights Reserved. Strollers, cyclists, skaters, and joggers are now welcomed to a part of the city that once discouraged pedestrians. Damon Rich Photo by, Bayonne is decking the (gazebo) halls this holiday, Its the the the.. GRINCH! Plus, the plans also call for reclassifying the properties at 930 McCarter Highway and 10-18 Passaic Place, which are owned by the Newark Housing Authority (NHA), from being open space districts into Mixed-Use 2, which permits medium density, residential, office, [and] retail. Similarly, the properties west of Market Street in the East Ward between Raymond Boulevard and Jefferson Street would be converted from Mixed-Use 1 into Mixed-Use 2. A few years after completion of this segment, HECTOR was asked to design a memorial place for one of its strongest champions, Sister Carol Johnston. Using funds donated by a wide circle of her friends and admirers, we place a boulder from a quarry formerly connected to the site by the Morris canal, a Purple Fountain weeping birch tree (Fagus sylvatica), and a stainless steel plaque with a quotation from Carols writing. After four years of development, the plan was formally adopted by the Newark Municipal Council in 2013. We are happy to release the public draft of Newarks River: A Public Access & Redevelopment Plan. Prior to the development of the property, the site was a vacant lot in the City of Newark in the Mount Pleasant/Lower Broadway neighborhood. Two cents from 2 percent was the goal of the Newark Department of Economic & Housing Development when it launched the Newark Riverfront Revival (NRR) in 2008, with the objective of reconnecting the city with its earliest riverfront roots. Newark protects and ensures public access through There are currently two public access facilities, the Newark's River: Public Access & Redevelopment Riverfront Park Segment 1 and the Riverfront Park Plan, access easements, the establishment of a Public Segment 2.

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