Negligence is the failure to pay attention to and consider the consequences of a your conduct when a reasonable person would have been more careful. another state) within the past ten years for simple assault, aggravated Contents of notice of relocation, 25-4A-19. Please check official sources. (S.D. For example, firing a gun into the air in an Recommendation by mediator to court upon parties' failure to agree, 25-4-63. Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Use, Supplemental Terms, Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. Best interest of child not presumed--Change of custody, 25-5-29. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or the information linked to on the state site. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. inflicting serious bodily injury on an unborn child, who is subsequently born alive. Person other than parent permitted to seek custody of child--Parent's presumptive right to custody--Rebuttal, 25-5-30. None of the defendants have any connection to the university, the DA's office said in a . An attorney can tell you how your case is likely to fare in court and help you prepare the best defense. Divorce and Separate Maintenance, 25-4-5. Termination of lease by tenant--Causes, 43-32-19.1. Surrender of weapon by defendant, 25-10-25 Convicted defendant prohibited from contacting victim, 25-10-34 Domestic abuse charge to be indicated on warrant or summons, 25-10-35 Arrest of spouse for abuse -- Considerations, 25-10-36 Arrest of criminal suspect when responding to domestic abuse call, 25-10-38 Report of domestic abuse arrest forwarded to prosecutor -- Victim to be notified of status of case, 25-10-39 Records of domestic abuse -- Disclosure of victim's location during pendency of action, 25-10-40 Restrictions on release of person charged with domestic abuse, 25-10-41 Conditions of release of person charged with domestic abuse, 25-10-42 Convicted child abuser or sex offender barred from adopting child, 43-32-18.1. Hearing on petition--Service of process, 21-65-8. Getting Legal Advice and Representation assault against a law enforcement officer and an inmate causing contact Police body camera footage and in-car camera footage show Larson striking the man a number of times, including in the groin, while trying to secure a seatbelt around him in the back of a patrol car. For all of these reasons it is important to consult with an attorney when facing such charges. Indiana Petition for Waiver of Reinstatement Fee, U.S. Code > Title 18 > Part I > Chapter 7 - Assault, Arizona Laws > Title 13 > Chapter 12 - Assault and Related Offenses, Idaho Code > Title 18 > Chapter 9 - Assault and Battery, Kentucky Statutes > Chapter 508 - Assault and Related Offenses, Michigan Laws > Chapter 750 > Act 328 of 1931 > Chapter XI - Assaults, New Hampshire Revised Statutes > Chapter 631 - Assault and Related Offenses, New Mexico Statutes > Chapter 30 > Article 3 - Assault and Battery, North Carolina General Statutes > Chapter 14 > Article 8 - Assaults, Rhode Island General Laws > Chapter 11-5 - Assaults, South Dakota Codified Laws > Title 22 > Chapter 18 - Assaults and Personal Injuries, Texas Penal Code Chapter 22 - Assaultive Offenses, Vermont Statutes > Title 13 > Chapter 13 - Assaults, Washington Code > Chapter 9A.36 - Assault -- Physical harm. So be very careful with those charges and always get legal representation. Subsequent convictions as felony. A person commits criminal battery of an unborn child by: The inducement of labor for medical reasons does not constitute bodily injury and, as a result, medical providers should not be prosecuted for battery if a baby is injured as a result of medically induced delivery. Sanctions for violation of custody or visitation decree, 25-4A-11. could be infected with HIV, but nonetheless consented to the activity injury are misdemeanors. (1) Attempts to cause bodily injury to Relief available for vulnerable adult abuse, 21-65-12. Any conviction for, or plea of guilty to, an offense in another state which, if committed in this state, would be a violation of a crime described in this section and occurring within ten years prior to the date of the violation being charged, shall be used to determine if the violation being charged is a subsequent offense. Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Use, Supplemental Terms, Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. Simple assault. South Dakota Theft Laws. Please allow for a conflict check to be conducted before sending sensitive information. RENSCH LAW provides individual counseling and representation regarding the legal possibilities, the likely outcomes, and prepares the client for whatever is to come in connection with the charges. It is both a crime and a tort and, therefore, may result in criminal prosecution, civil liability, or both. The prosecution of the case will be handled by the Office of the Attorney General, the department said. crime of criminal exposure to HIV is committed by intentionally Make your practice more effective and efficient with Casetexts legal research suite. Codified Laws 22-1-2.) needles, donating infected blood or sperm or body tissue, or throwing or If I represent an adverse party in your case, such information could be used against you. Distribution or possession with intent to distribute specified amounts of marijuana, 22-42-8. attempting to put another in fear of death or imminent serious bodily harm by strangulation or suffocation. Or, you may be able to get the charges reduced or dismissed, or obtain a not guilty verdict at trial, or receive a reduced sentence. The City of Sioux Falls has referred thecase to be reviewed for criminal charges by the State Division of Criminal Investigation as an independent agency,TenHaken said. Consideration of conviction for death of other parent in custody award, 25-4-52. You can explore additional available newsletters here. Generally, bodily injury includes cuts and bruises and other bodily impairments. An assault charge can become more serious with each passing charge as you go through life. juvenile in a detention or correctional facility, or a person confined Felony and misdemeanor distinguished, 22-14-15. There are also circumstances which can lead to the dismissal of these types of charges, but each case is different and rises or falls on its own merits. exposing another person to HIV through sexual contact, contaminated person in fear of serious injury. You can explore additional available newsletters here. Age: 20. Motion for enforcement of visitation rights--Hearing, 25-4A-5. Intent to desert formed during proper absence, 25-4-13. Gender: M. . In South Dakota, serious bodily injury is a significant injury that creates a fear of danger to life, health, and limb. RENSCH LAW can fairly and candidly evaluates your case, try it to a jury if necessary, or work out an agreement. A person is guilty of simple assault, a Class 1 misdemeanor, if the person: (1) Attempts to cause bodily injury to another and has the actual ability to cause the injury; (2) Recklessly causes bodily injury to another; (3) Negligently causes bodily injury to another with a dangerous weapon; FAQ's. Legal Stories. Factors for consideration on request for joint physical custody, 25-4A-25. with or without the actual ability to harm the other person; RENSCH LAW can fairly and candidly evaluates your case, try it to a jury if necessary, or work out an agreement. Are There Any Defense to Simple Assault? conviction with aggravated assault or battery could result in a Simple assault is considered a misdemeanor in most jurisdictions. South Dakota has several definitions for simple assault, including trying to cause bodily injury to someone, negligently causing injury with a dangerous weapon, recklessly injuring someone or attempting to cause another person to fear for their bodily safety. intentionally expose another person to HIV. Desertion by cruelty or threats causing departure of spouse, 25-4-11. the defendant must act intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly. An assault is the illegal act of causing physical harm or unwanted physical contact to another person, or, in some legal definitions, the threat or attempt to do so. Recklessness is consciously disregarding A person is guilty of simple assault, a Class 1 misdemeanor, if the person: (1) Attempts to cause bodily injury to another and has the actual ability to cause the injury; (2) Recklessly causes bodily injury to another; (3) Negligently causes bodily injury to another with a dangerous weapon; (4) Attempts by physical menace or credible threat to put another in fear of imminent bodily harm, with or without the actual ability to harm the other person; or. Residence requirements for divorce or separate maintenance, 25-4-45. This serious charge has several possible defenses. Simple circumstances that show an extreme indifference to the value of human Generally, these charges are filed after the police are called to a home for a domestic dispute between a man and a woman. 22-19A-8. Codified Laws 22-6-2, 22-18-1, 22-18-1.2, 22-18-26.1.). should contact a criminal defense attorney as soon as possible. Views: 1 . Most often the male gets arrested, but sometimes females do too. Access to records and application requirements not applicable to certain parents, 25-5-7.6. Visitation agreement other than standard guidelines--Requirements, 25-4A-13. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. Abuse, Neglect, or Exploitation of Elders or Adults with Disabilities, 23-7-7. Ex parte temporary protection order, 21-65-4. another which does not result in serious bodily injury; This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, There is a newer version of the South Dakota Codified Laws. General consideration in custody proceeding of parents military service, 25-5-7. Joseph Michael Larson, 32, of Sioux Falls, has been charged in acase stemmingfrom an incident in which Larson was acting in his capacity as a Sioux Falls police officer on or about July 24, according to a release from the office of the South Dakota Attorney General. South Dakota Gov. Brandon John, 22, faces charges of simple assault and harassment; Michael Rosta, 21, faces charges of burglary and simple assault; Nabil Jameel, 22, faces charges of simple assault; and Cameron . Disclaimer: These codes may not be the most recent version. 2023 LawServer Online, Inc. All rights reserved. 22-19A-3. 22-19A-14. Written mediated agreement--Signing--Court approval, 25-4-62. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. Furthermore, a conviction ofSimple Assault Domestic Violenceprohibits one from possessing firearms pursuant to federal law. ; SL 1980, ch 173, 2; SL 1981, ch 174; SL 1998, ch 132, 1; SL 1999, ch 117, 1; SL 2005, ch 120, 1; SL 2011, ch 115, 1; SL 2019, ch 108, 1; SL 2021, ch 92, 1. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. A person is guilty of an offense if that person: Willfully causes bodily injury to another human being; or Negligently causes bodily injury to another human being by means of a firearm, destructive device, or other weapon, the use of which against a human being is likely to cause death or serious bodily injury. so is a heavy rock if used to seriously hurt someone. Under South Dakota's laws, a dangerous weapon is any Modification of terms of protection order. cause another person to come into contact, a state government officer or employee (or another person at the officer's direction) carrying out a legal duty, and the force used is necessary to carry out the legal duty, a person arresting a felon or delivering a felon to a law enforcement officer, a person defending personal or real property, if the person reasonably believes the force is necessary to prevent or defend against criminal activity, a parent, guardian, teacher, or school employee to correct a child who has misbehaved, so long as the force is reasonable and moderate. The question is whether a reasonable person would conclude that the defendant acted negligently or recklessly, which is more serious. Codified Laws 22-1-2.) Continuance of ex parte temporary protection order, 21-65-9. The Supreme Court affirmed Defendant's conviction of two counts of aggravated assault and one count of simple assault against a law enforcement officer, holding that there was no error. Taking, enticing away, or keeping of unmarried minor child by parent--Misdemeanor--Subsequent violation felony. Such a charge can arise from verbal or physical altercations between family or household members. firearm, knife, or other object (animate or inanimate) designed to a defendant can be convicted of a felony assault crime in South Dakota, Parenting coordinator fees and costs, 25-4-74. , if committed against a law enforcement officer, firefighter, ambulance service personnel, Department of Corrections employee or person under contract assigned to the Department of Corrections, or other public officer, which assault occurred while the officer or employee was engaged in the performance of the officers or employees duties, is a Class 2 felony. Joseph Michael Larson, 33, received a 60-day sentence with all but five . Codified Laws 22-18-1.) Multiple actions could constitute simple assault under state law. otherwise causing the victim to come into contact with infected blood 8:37 p.m. Lindsey M. Binek, 33, arrested for misdemeanor Simple Assault. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. Please refresh the page and try again, By clicking "Find a Lawyer", you agree to the Martindale-Nolo. intentionally or recklessly causing serious bodily injury. inflicting bodily injury on an unborn child, who is subsequently born alive. South Dakota for STATE CHARGES 22-18-1 Simple Assault Domestic. Finally, it is also a felony in South Dakota to (5) Intentionally causes bodily injury to another which does not result in serious bodily injury. Simple assaultViolation as misdemeanorThird or subsequent offense a felonyViolation in other states. The Supreme Court affirmed Defendant's conviction of two counts of aggravated assault and one count of simple assault against a law enforcement officer, holding that there was no error. significant prison sentence, a large fine, and a very serious criminal In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service. Simple assault domestic violence, very dangerous case to be charged with. Get free summaries of new opinions delivered to your inbox! LawServer is for purposes of information only and is no substitute for legal advice. Unauthorized manufacture, distribution, counterfeiting or possession of Schedule III substances as felony--Mandatory sentences, 22-42-4. When a person is slapped with charges of a simple assault by a family member, they will be charged with the offense of domestic assault. Your ability to have firearms may be affected by a conviction for even a misdemeanor charge of simple assault. Written applications to enroll child in activity or program to provide name and address of other parent, 25-5-7.5. It is also a felony in South Dakota to Joint legal custody order--Factors for court's consideration, 25-5-7.3. These requirements can be very expensive, time consuming, and even confusing. 22-19A-11. that caused HIV transmission. Assault cases, many different types of assaults. bodily injury is a significant injury that creates a fear of danger to 22-19A-7. Separation by consent not desertion, 25-4-12. In South Dakota, a person commits the crime of aggravated assault (a Four people, including two children, injured in two-vehicle crash near Crooks. Share this conversation Before hiring a lawyer, make sure they're the right fit Book your free consultation In partnership with Answered in 1 minute by: 2/5/2015 Criminal Lawyer: Samuel II Hello This is Samuel No. guilty of simple assault in South Dakota, it is a Class 6 felony. Kristi Noem told Newsmax on Thursday that her state was leading the charge in defending Americans' Second Amendment right to bear arms.. Domestic abuse--Unlawful sexual behavior--Stalking--Termination of lease--Notice requirements, 43-32-19.2. Custody and visitation disputes--Appointment of parenting coordinator, 25-4-64. in jail) to intentionally throw, spit, or otherwise cause any bodily You can be charged with aggravated assault in this state which is a felony and can land you in the penitentiary for a long time. a correctional officer, employee, or contractor, or, aggravated battery of an unborn child, and. 22-21-4. Jay Inslee and his recently-signed "assault weapons" ban, affecting AR-15s and AK-47s. The South Dakota Symphony Orchestra: Bridging cultures 3 days ago. In the case of this section: For details, see 22-6-1 and 22-6-2 Third and subsequent convictions for simple assault are punished as felonies. Contact information--Disclosure--Limitation. Universal Citation . Knowingly is acting with an understanding of and awareness of the Second and subsequent assault against a law enforcement officer is a Class 2 felony, The man suffered pain to his left side, according to court documents. Joseph Michael Larson, 32, of Sioux Falls, has been charged in a case stemming from an incident in which Larson was acting in his capacity as a Sioux Falls police officer on or about July 24,. inflict or likely to inflict death or serious bodily injury. NOTICE: Do not send sensitive information in your initial communication with my office. Please refresh the page and try again, By clicking "Find a Lawyer", you agree to the Martindale-Nolo. Assaults and batteries South Dakota Assault Lawyer. Irreconcilable differences defined, 25-4-17.2. . Source: SDC 1939, 13.2401, 13.2403; SDCL 22-18-8; SL 1973, ch 147; SL 1976, ch 158, 18-1; SL 1980, ch 173, 2; SL 1981, ch 174; SL 1998, ch 132, 1; SL 1999, ch 117, 1; SL 2005, ch 120, 1; SL 2011, ch 115, 1; SL 2019, ch 108, 1; SL 2021, ch 92, 1. However, it is a defense to the charge if the victim causing bleeding, swelling, or damage to the child's brain. Copyright 2023 MH Sub I, LLC dba Nolo Self-help services may not be permitted in all states. This used to be just part of a Simple Assault charge, but now has become the basis for the more serious Aggravated Assault elements. Willful desertion defined--Special conditions applicable, 25-4-8. SADV charges can also arise from physical altercations between parents and children, stepparents and stepchildren, or live-in spouses and other relatives in the home. Ex parte temporary order pending full hearing on petition for protection. Visitation rights for grandparents--Enforcement by circuit court, 25-4-56. Active duty military personnel and spouses, 23-7-45. There was a problem with the submission. to be committed. Parenting coordinator appointment at party request or on courts own motion, 25-4-69. Parent sharing custody to foster other parent's relationship with child, 25-5-10. This used to be just part of a Simple Assault charge, but now has become the basis for the more serious Aggravated Assault elements. (605)341-1111 | 832 St Joseph St, Rapid City, SD 57701. Request for hearing on relocation--Presumption of consent--Best interests of child, 25-4A-20. A person is guilty of simple assault, a Class 1 misdemeanor, if the person: (1) Attempts to cause bodily injury to another and has the actual ability to cause the injury; Attorney's Note Under the South Dakota Laws, punishments for crimes depend on the classification. 22-18-1. Casetext, Inc. and Casetext are not a law firm and do not provide legal advice. It is important to be fully informed regarding your rights before entering a plea to a charge involving an allegation of assault. Booking Date: 5/1/2023. Finally, each simple assault charge for which Babcock was convicted was based upon separate and distinct acts aside from the acts supporting the aggravated assault charge. (605)341-1111 | 832 St Joseph St, Rapid City, SD 57701. Lately, many of the Aggravated Assaults charged out have been the result of Simple Assault Domestic Violence charges which have morphed into a claim by a spouse that the defendant blocked the airway. Eviction of tenant--Limitations, 43-32-19. Richard Espinoza, 21, of Mitchell, was sentenced to 73 days in jail with 60 days suspended for simple assault (domestic abuse) with intent to cause bodily injury, a Class 1 misdemeanor. assault crimes. Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. Relief available for financial exploitation, 21-65-14. Booking Number: DFMB512023. assault, or inmate causing contact with bodily fluids, and is found another; (3) Negligently causes bodily injury to Plaintiff in custody action to file and serve guidelines--Guidelines as court order--Custody of minors, 25-4A-12. Desertion by departure during absence of spouse induced by fraud, 25-4-10. Source: SL 2005, ch 120, 3; SL 2018, ch 130, 1. Controlled Substances and Marijuana, 22-42-2. No other information on the charges was immediately available. or attempting to cause serious bodily injury under circumstances that Definitions and General Provisions, 22-1-4. Chapter 18 - ASSAULTS AND PERSONAL INJURIES, Section 22-18-1 - Simple assault-Violation as misdemeanor-Third or subsequent offense a felony-Violation in other states, Section 22-18-1.1 - Aggravated assault-Felony. Simple or aggravated assault against law enforcement officer, Department ofCorrections employee or person under contract, or other public officer. Indiana Petition for Waiver of Reinstatement Fee, U.S. Code > Title 18 > Part I > Chapter 7 - Assault, Arizona Laws > Title 13 > Chapter 12 - Assault and Related Offenses, Idaho Code > Title 18 > Chapter 9 - Assault and Battery, Kentucky Statutes > Chapter 508 - Assault and Related Offenses, Michigan Laws > Chapter 750 > Act 328 of 1931 > Chapter XI - Assaults, New Hampshire Revised Statutes > Chapter 631 - Assault and Related Offenses, New Mexico Statutes > Chapter 30 > Article 3 - Assault and Battery, North Carolina General Statutes > Chapter 14 > Article 8 - Assaults, Rhode Island General Laws > Chapter 11-5 - Assaults, South Dakota Codified Laws > Title 22 > Chapter 18 - Assaults and Personal Injuries, Texas Penal Code Chapter 22 - Assaultive Offenses, Vermont Statutes > Title 13 > Chapter 13 - Assaults, Washington Code > Chapter 9A.36 - Assault -- Physical harm. No presumption of joint physical custody, 25-4A-27. disregarded the risk to others. South Dakota Codified Laws. record. (S.D. Personal Injury Law. RENSCH LAW has handled numerous Simple Assault and Simple Assault Domestic Violence (SADV) cases and knows how to navigate the treacherous waters of these types of cases. He . SL 2005, ch 120, 3; SL 2018, ch 130, 1. person, causing injury with a dangerous weapon, or putting another with bodily fluids are Class 6 felonies, punishable by up to two years' In most cases, an immediate NO CONTACT ORDER is filed and contact between the person charged and the person alleging the assault can be charged as a separate crime, which is an additional Class 1 Misdemeanor. Hearing on petition for protection -- Date -- Notice. In South Dakota, laws were passed to protect correctional officers from being spit on (or worse) by prisoners; over time, protections were extended to the public at large. There are many requirements placed upon an individual by the various courts taking guilty pleas arising from that weekend argument. For more information on these crimes, see South Dakota Aggravated Assault Laws. Current with changes from the 2023 Legislative Session through 3/23/2023. Parental agreement for joint physical custody, 25-4A-26. A person is guilty of simple assault, a Class 1 misdemeanor, if the person: (1) Attempts to cause bodily injury to another and has the actual ability to cause the injury; (2) Recklessly causes bodily injury to another; (3) Negligently causes bodily injury to another with a dangerous weapon; It's a felony for a prisoner to cause a correctional officer to come into contact with bodily fluids, and it is a misdemeanor for anyone to: Under South Dakota's laws, the use of force or violence is justified (not criminal) if used by: (S.D. South Dakota may have more current or accurate information. For example, a gun is a dangerous weapon, but so is a beer bottle if used to seriously hurt someone. The crime of aggravated assault is committed by: Serious Temporary protection order effective until protection order served, 21-65-10. For more information on these crimes, see South Dakota Assault and Battery Laws. Justia US Law US Codes and Statutes South Dakota Code 2006 South Dakota Code Title 22 CRIMES 18 Assaults And Personal Injuries 22-18-1 Simple assault--Misdemeanor--Felony for subsequent offenses.22-18-1.05. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. You're all set! punishable by up to 50 years' imprisonment and a fine of up to $50,000. the risk that your conduct could cause injury to another. In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service. (605) 271-7113. Any conviction for, or plea of guilty to, an offense in another state which, if committed in this state, would be a violation of a crime described in this section and occurring within ten years prior to the date of the violation being charged, shall be used to determine if the violation being charged is a subsequent offense. An Defendant prohibited from contacting victim prior to court appearance. a vehicle's driver to expel a passenger who has refused to obey any lawful regulation regarding a passenger's conduct, so long as the vehicle is stopped and the force used is no more than that necessary to expel the passenger. Quite often drinking is involved, tempers have flared, and there are claims that someone has been slapped, punched, knocked down, or the like. The first and second time a person is convicted of simple assault in South Dakota, it is punished as a Class 1 misdemeanor by up to one year in jail and a fine of up to $2,000. the charges dismissed, plea bargain, or obtain a not guilty verdict. The offense is: Aggravated Assault can be anything from a Simple Assault gone bad with serious bodily injury, to a choking, the brandishing of a weapon, among other things. If the defendant has been convicted of, or entered a plea of guilty to, two or more violations of simple assault under this section, simple assault or aggravated assault under 22-18-1.05, aggravated assault under 22-18-1.1, assault under 22-18-26, intentional contact with bodily fluids under 22-18-26.1, or assault under 22-18-29, within ten years of committing the current offense, the defendant is guilty of a Class 6 felony for any third offense, a Class 5 felony for a fourth offense, and a Class 4 felony for a fifth or subsequent offense. Child custody provisions--Modification--Preference of child, 25-4-45.3. for help. Desertion by refusal of reconciliation after separation, 25-4-17.1. (S.D. This means if convicted the maximum possible penalty is 1 year in the county jail, a $2000 fine, or both. Protection From Domestic Abuse, 25-10-2 Application for relief -- Filing -- Venue, 25-10-3 Petition for protection order -- Parties -- Allegations -- Affidavit -- Pending action -- Standard petition form, 25-10-3.1. Codified Laws 22-18-31, 22-18-32, 22-18-33, 22-18-34.). Requirements for issuance of temporary permit--Time requirement--Appeal of denial, 23-7-7.5. Persons entitled to apply for protection order, 25-10-3.2. This serious charge has several possible defenses. another and has the actual ability to cause the injury; (2) Recklessly causes bodily injury to a defendant has two or more prior convictions (in South Dakota or An investigator with the attorney general's office interviewed a defensive tactics instructor for SFPD who said that Larsons strikes arent consistent with techniques Sioux Falls police officers are trained in. were sitting outside, but it would be reckless if the defendant merely Views: 1 . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google. We've helped 95 clients find attorneys today. convictions for aggravated battery of an infant are Class 1 felonies, This will depend on your state's laws and the severity of the crime. BRIAN FRANK WALTI was booked on 5/1/2023 in Minnehaha County, South Dakota. Exceptions to prohibition against possession of pistols by minors, Chapter 4. While assault can include the attempted infliction of injury or fear, battery is limited to the actual infliction of injury. Consideration of domestic abuse and assault conviction in custody award, 25-4-45.6. This website is funded in part through a grant from the Office for Victims of Crime, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.

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